Expuse este texto en inglés en octubre de 2019, con ocasión de la III European Liberal Arts and Core Texts Education Conference (“Caring for Souls: Can Core Texts Educate Character?”), celebrada en mi Universidad.
Hoy mi madre habría cumplido 81 años. Por ello publico en el blog este texto sobre la virtud de la mujer - vista desde la incorrecta postura de Aristóteles. Aun así, espero que estos párrafos muestren que su actitud es distinta en el caso de la Poética cuando debe considerar el caso de figuras como Antígona o Ifigenia.
That Aristotle’s judgment of women’s capabilities is not in line with current standards is well-known. This can easily be tested by reviewing certain passages in his Politics or his History of Animals. Politics (1254b13-16) on the difference between male and female is an emblematic example in this regard:
So is it naturally with the male and the female; the one is superior, the other inferior; the one governs, the other is governed; and the same rule must necessarily hold good with respect to all mankind.
ἔτι δὲ τὸ ἄρρεν πρὸς τὸ θῆλυ φύσει τὸ μὲν κρεῖττον τὸ δὲ χεῖρον, καὶ τὸ μὲν ἄρχον τὸ δ’ ἀρχόμενον. τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι καὶ ἐπὶ πάντων ἀνθρώπων.
Two other Aristotelian passages cited frequently in relation to the topic of woman’s inferiority are to be found in Politics (1260a17-31) and the History of Animals (608b8-15). Both underline the existence of a natural dissimilitude between male and female and, in relation to human beings, man and woman. According to this passage from Politics (1260a17-23), Aristotle regarded women as capable only of a less elevated degree of virtue than men:
He who is to govern ought to be perfect in moral virtue, for his business is entirely that of an architect, and reason is the architect; while others want only that portion of it which may be sufficient for their station; from whence it is evident, that although moral virtue is common to all those we have spoken of, yet the temperance of a man and a woman are not the same, nor their courage, nor their justice, though Socrates thought otherwise; for the courage of the man consists in commanding, the woman’s in obeying; and the same is true in other particulars.
τὸν μὲν ἄρχοντα τελέαν ἔχειν δεῖ τὴν ἠθικὴν ἀρετήν (…), τῶν δ’ ἄλλων ἕκαστον ὅσον ἐπιβάλλει αὐτοῖς. ὥστε φανερὸν ὅτι ἔστιν ἠθικὴ ἀρετὴ τῶν εἰρημένων πάντων, καὶ οὐχ ἡ αὐτὴ σωφροσύνη γυναικὸς καὶ ἀνδρός, οὐδ’ ἀνδρεία καὶ δικαιοσύνη, καθάπερ ᾤετο Σωκράτης, ἀλλ’ ἡ μὲν ἀρχικὴ ἀνδρεία ἡ δ’ ὑπηρετική, ὁμοίως δ’ ἔχει καὶ περὶ τὰς ἄλλας.
A passage in the fifteenth chapter (1454a16-24) of Aristotle’s Poetics relates to the texts referenced above, especially the second one. In beginning to speak about ‘character’ as a necessary qualitative element of tragedy, Aristotle identifies four properties which dramatic characters must show: “Regarding characters, there are four things at which
First and foremost, the characters should be good. will have character if, as we said, the speech or the action makes obvious a decision of whatever sort; it will have a good character, if it makes obvious a good decision. can exist in every class ; for a woman can be good, and a slave can, although the first of these may be inferior and the second wholly worthless.
Περὶ δὲ τὰ ἤθη τέτταρά ἐστιν ὧν δεῖ στοχάζεσθαι, ἓν μὲν καὶ πρῶτον, ὅπως χρηστὰ ᾖ. ἕξει δὲ ἦθος μὲν ἐὰν ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη ποιῇ φανερὸν ὁ λόγος ἢ ἡ πρᾶξις προαίρεσίν τινα <ἥ τις ἂν> ᾖ, χρηστὸν δὲ ἐὰν χρηστήν. ἔστιν δὲ ἐν ἑκάστῳ γένει· καὶ γὰρ γυνή ἐστιν χρηστὴ καὶ δοῦλος, καίτοι γε ἴσως τούτων τὸ μὲν χεῖρον, τὸ δὲ ὅλως φαῦλόν ἐστιν.
Aristotle concedes that every class of person can be good, even when, as may be the case in Greek tragedy, the person is a woman or a slave. But he reminds his readers that woman is ‘worse’ or ‘inferior’, by implicit comparison to man. Moreover, the latter kind of character, the slave, is, according to ancient concepts and the translation cited here, “wholly worthless”; Aristotle’s account of the virtue of a slave in Politics (1260a33-36), after the above-cited passage relating to women is worth recalling at this point:
In like manner the virtue of a slave is to be referred to his master; for we laid it down as a maxim, that the use of a slave was to employ him in what you wanted; so that it is clear enough that few virtues are wanted in his station, only that he may not neglect his work through idleness or fear.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ δούλου πρὸς δεσπότην. ἔθεμεν δὲ πρὸς τἀναγκαῖα χρήσιμον εἶναι τὸν δοῦλον, ὥστε δῆλον ὅτι καὶ ἀρετῆς δεῖται μικρᾶς, καὶ τοσαύτης ὅπως μήτε δι’ ἀκολασίαν μήτε διὰ δειλίαν ἐλλείψῃ τῶν ἔργων.
Second, appropriate. It is possible to be manly in character, but it is not appropriate for a woman to be so manly or clever.
δεύτερον δὲ τὸ ἁρμόττοντα· ἔστιν γὰρ ἀνδρεῖον μὲν τὸ ἦθος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ἁρμόττον γυναικὶ οὕτως ἀνδρείαν ἢ δεινὴν εἶναι.
If there are these subtle differences in the way Aristotle speaks about the virtue of woman in the Poetics and his other works, the question then is why such discrepancy arises. What he says in the Poetics is in accordance with his assertions in other writings, and this can be understood as a question of internal coherence. But Aristotle’s empirical, scientific approach obliges him to consider in the Poetics the factual evidence of Greek tragedies, in which the virtuous character of heroines such as Antigone or Iphigenia cannot be denied, not to mention the ‘manly’ character of Medeia in her own Euripidean tragedy.
Fourth, the character consistent. If the model for the representation is somebody inconsistent, and such a character is intended, even so it should be consistently inconsistent.
τέταρτον δὲ τὸ ὁμαλόν. κἂν γὰρ ἀνώμαλός τις ᾖ ὁ τὴν μίμησιν παρέχων καὶ τοιοῦτον ἦθος ὑποτεθῇ, ὅμως ὁμαλῶς ἀνώμαλον δεῖ εἶναι.
An example of (…) the inconsistent, the Iphigeneia at Aulis (the girl who begs does not seem at all like the later Iphigeneia).
ἔστιν δὲ παράδειγμα (…) τοῦ δὲ ἀνωμάλου ἡ ἐν Αὐλίδι Ἰφιγένεια· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἔοικεν ἡ ἱκετεύουσα τῇ ὑστέρᾳ.